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Root Flare and Root Injection Techniques1978.
E.S. Kondo. Proceedings of the Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments.
Michigan State University. Braun-Brumfield.
This American elm study demonstrated better distribution
of systemic fungicides to the upper canopy could be attained by
injection into the root flares versus the trunk. It also noted wounds
on the trunk take longer to seal and require closer spacing than
an equivalent number of injection sites on root flares.
Control of Sycamore Anthracnose
with Trunk Injected TBZ (Arbotect) 1979. Wysong, D.S., V. Sing,
and W. Willmeng. Journal of Arboriculture vol. 5: 168.
These authors pioneered the work with Arbotect 20-S
to get multiple years of control of sycamore anthracnose. Their
2-year study proved efficacy of the chemical.
Sycamore Anthracnose 1961. Neely,
D. and E.B. Himelick. Proceedings of the National Shade Tree Conference
vol. 37:136-143.
This study identified that sycamore anthracnose infection
of twigs and buds in the early spring does not originate from newly
germinating spores, but rather from the mycelium of the fungus that
entered the twig the previous fall. This is important in understanding
why the systemic fungicide Arbotect is so effective.
Systemic Chemical Control of Sycamore
Anthracnose 1988. Himelick, E.B. and D. Neely. Journal of Arboriculture
vol. 14 no. 6: 137-141.
This study was completed from 1979 to 1982 and compared
injection of two concentrations of Arbotect into sycamores. Both
concentrations gave significant control of twig-, shoot-, and leaf-blight
through the spring of 1982, three seasons after the initial injections.
At the lowest concentration of the fungicide, treated trees averaged
less than 5% blight on twigs, shoots, and leaves, while untreated
trees displayed at least 40% infection.
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